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In C is a musical piece composed by Terry Riley in 1964 for an indefinite number of performers. He suggests 'a group of about 35 is desired if possible but smaller or larger groups will work'. Jul 19, 2015 DownloadTask: executes the file download in a background thread so that the GUI won’t become unresponsive or freezing. SwingFileDownloadFTP: constructs user interface of the application which allows users to specify the information mentioned above to download the file, and updates the progress bar while the download is taking place.
Middle C Play
C (Italian, French: Do) is the first note of the C majorscale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (F, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch.
In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only by adherents of fixed-Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.
- 2Octave nomenclature
- 5Scales
Frequency[edit]
Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners 'Verdi tuning', 'philosophical pitch' or the easily confused scientific pitch.
Octave nomenclature[edit]
Middle C[edit]
Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation, the most commonly recognized in auditory science,[citation needed] while both C4 and the Helmholtz designation c′ are used in musical studies. Other note-octave systems, including those used by some makers of digital music keyboards, may refer to Middle C differently. In MIDI, Middle C is note number 60 which equates to C4.
While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C4 may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.[1]
On the Grand Staff, middle-C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass clef or below the bottom line of the treble clef.
Other octaves[edit]
In vocal music, the term High C (sometimes less ambiguously called Top C[2]) can refer to either the soprano's C6 (1046.502 Hz; c′′′ in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's C5; both are written as the C two leger lines above the treble clef but the tenor voice sings an octave lower. The term Low C is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to C2 because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a basso can sing this note easily whereas other male voices, including bass-baritones, typically cannot.
Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C3 (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave.
Designation by octave[edit]
Scientific designation | Helmholtz designation | Octave name | Frequency (Hz) | Other names | Audio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C−1 | C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC | Octocontra | 8.176 | Play | |
C0 | C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC | Subcontra | 16.352 | Play | |
C1 | C͵ or ͵C or CC | Contra | 32.703 | Play | |
C2 | C | Great | 65.406 | Low C, cello C, 8' C (see organ pipe length) | Play |
C3 | c | Small | 130.813 | 4' C or tenor C (organ), viola C | Play |
C4 | c′ | One-lined | 261.626 | Middle C | Play |
C5 | c′′ | Two-lined | 523.251 | Treble C, high C (written an octave higher for tenor voices)[3] | Play |
C6 | c′′′ | Three-lined | 1,046.502 | High C (soprano) | Play |
C7 | c′′′′ | Four-lined | 2,093.005 | Double high C[citation needed] | Play |
C8 | c′′′′′ | Five-lined | 4,186.009 | Eighth octave C, triple high C | Play |
C9 | c′′′′′′ | Six-lined | 8,372.018 | Quadruple high C | Play |
C10 | c′′′′′′′ | Seven-lined | 16,744.036 | Quintuple high C | Play |
(20,000 hertz is the start of the ultrasound in healthy young adults.)
Graphic presentation[edit]
Middle C in four clefs
Position of Middle C on a standard 88-key keyboard
Scales[edit]
Common scales beginning on C[edit]
- C Major: C D E F G A B C
- C Natural Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Harmonic Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B C
- C Melodic Minor Ascending: C D E♭ F G A B C
- C Melodic Minor Descending: C B♭ A♭ G F E♭ D C
Diatonic scales[edit]
- C Ionian: C D E F G A B C
- C Dorian: C D E♭ F G A B♭ C
- C Phrygian: C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Lydian: C D E F♯ G A B C
- C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B♭ C
- C Aeolian: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Locrian: C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
Jazz melodic minor[edit]
- C Ascending Melodic Minor: C D E♭ F G A B C
- C Dorian ♭2: C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭ C
- C Lydian Augmented: C D E F♯ G♯ A B C
- C Lydian Dominant: C D E F♯ G A B♭ C
- C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A♭ B♭ C
- C Locrian ♮2: C D E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
- C Altered: C D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C
B sharp[edit]
Comparison of notes derived from, or near, twelve perfect fifths (B♯)
Traversing the circle of fifths can result in a B♯ that is higher than C by 23.46 cents, the ratio of twelve just perfect fifths (B♯) to seven octaves being 531,441 / 524,288, the Pythagorean comma. A B♯ that is three just major thirds above C is lower than the octave by an interval called a diesis, 125:128 or 41.06 cents.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Large, John (February 1981). 'Theory in Practice: Building a Firm Foundation'. Music Educators Journal. 32: 30–35.
- ^Harold C. Schonberg (November 4, 1979). 'Birgit Nilsson – The Return of a Super-Soprano'. The New York Times.
- ^'Luciano Pavarotti – King of the High C's', The New York Times', September 9, 2007
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C_(musical_note)&oldid=923790494#Middle_C'
Abbreviation | Meaning |
---|---|
c | (c with a bar over it) with (from Latincum) means with |
C | cytosine cervical vertebrae |
C1 | atlas – first cervical vertebra of the spine |
C2 | axis – second cervical vertebra of the spine |
CA | carcinoma cancer |
Ca | calcium carcinoma cancer |
CAA | coronary artery aneurysm |
c/b | complicated by |
CABG | coronary artery bypass graft (pronounced 'cabbage') |
CABP | coronary artery bypass procedure |
CAD | coronary artery disease |
CADASIL | cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy |
CAG | coronary artery graft coronary angiography |
CAGE | cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye opener (screening for alcoholism) |
CAGS | coronary artery graft surgery |
cAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
CAH | chronic active hepatitis congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
CALLA | common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen |
CAM | cell adhesion molecule complementary and alternative medicine |
CAMP | cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
CAP | community-acquired pneumonia |
CAPD | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis |
CAO | conscious, alert, and oriented (no altered level of consciousness) |
CaOx | calcium oxalate |
Caps | capsule |
CAT / CT | computed axial tomography / computed tomography |
Cath | catheter |
CAUTI | Catheter-associated urinary tract infection |
CBA | cost–benefit analysis (of treatment methods) |
CBC | complete blood count |
CBC/DIFF | complete blood count/differential |
CBD | common bile duct |
CBE | clinical breast examination |
CBF | cerebral blood flow |
CBI | continuous bladder irrigation |
CBS | chronic brain syndrome |
CC cc | cubic centimeter (use mL instead—see the list of abbreviations used in prescriptions) chief complaint cardiac catheter carbon copy |
CCA | clear cell adenocarcinoma |
CCB | calcium channel blocker |
CCCU | critical coronary care unit |
CCE C/C/E | clubbing, cyanosis, and edema (general signs of cardiovascular disease) |
CCG | Clinical commissioning group |
CCF | congestive cardiac failure |
CCK | cholecystokinin |
CCK-PZ | cholecystokinin-pancreozymin |
CCNS | cell cycle–nonspecific [drug] (a type of drug used in chemotherapy) |
CCOC | clear cell odontogenic carcinoma |
CCOT | calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (formerly called calcifying odontogenic cyst) |
CCP | cyclic citrullinated peptide |
CCR | cardiocerebral resuscitation |
CCU | coronary care unit critical care unit |
CD | Celiac disease Crohn's disease chemical dependency cluster of differentiation controlled delivery |
CDAD | Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhoea |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CDH | congenital dislocated hip |
CDI | central diabetes insipidus Clostridium difficile infection cool, dry, intact (when referring to incision/surgical sites) |
CDMR | caesarean delivery on maternal request |
CDP | cytosine diphosphate |
CDR | cutaneous drug reaction |
CEA | carcinoembryonic antigen carotid endarterectomy cost-effectiveness analysis |
CEIOL | cataract extraction with intraocular lens placement |
CF | cystic fibrosis |
CFA | complement-fixing antibody colonization factor antigen |
CFIDS | chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome |
CFR | case fatality rate |
CFS | chronic fatigue syndrome |
CFT | complement fixation test capillary filling time |
CFTR | cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator |
CFU | colony-forming unit |
CGD | chronic granulomatous disease |
CGI | Clinical Global Impression (including subscales such as CGI-BP, CGI-C, CGI-E, CGI-I, CGI-S) |
cGMP | cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
CGN | chronic glomerulonephritis |
CH | congenital hypothyroidism |
CHC | combined hormonal contraceptive |
CHD | chronic heart disease congenital heart defect coronary heart disease |
ChE | cholinesterase |
CHEM-7 | a group of blood tests, commonly called a basic metabolic panel (blood urea nitrogen, carbon dioxide, creatinine, glucose, serum chloride, serum potassium, serum sodium) |
CHEM-20 | a group of blood tests (albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, calcium – serum, serum chloride, carbon dioxide, creatinine, direct bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose test, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphorus – serum, potassium test, serum sodium, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total protein, uric acid) |
CHE | cholinesterase |
CHF | congestive heart failure continuous hemofiltration |
CHO | carbohydrate |
CHOP | cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (a.k.a. hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine(a.k.a. Oncovin), prednisone (chemotherapy regimen) |
Chol | cholesterol |
CHS | cannulated hip screw |
CHT | congenital hypothyroidism |
CI | confidence interval cardiac index |
CIB | cibus (food) |
CICU | cardiac intensive care unit |
CIDP | chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy |
CIMF | chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis |
CIN | cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, contrast-induced nephropathy |
CINV | Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting |
Circ | circumcision circulation |
CIS | carcinoma in situ |
CIVI | continuous intravenous infusion |
CIWA | Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol |
CJD | Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease |
CK | creatine kinase (formerly CPK) |
CKD | chronic kidney disease |
CKMB | MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase |
Cl | chlorine clearance |
CLARE | contact lens acute red eye |
CLL | chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
CLN | cervical lymph node |
CLND | cervical lymph node dissection complete lymph node dissection |
CLP | cleft lip and palate |
CLS | capillary leak syndrome |
CM | Chirurgiae Magister, Master of Surgery (British and Commonwealth countries medical degree) Caucasian male cardiomyopathy |
CMD | cystic medial degeneration |
CME | continuing medical education |
CML | chronic myelogenous leukemia, also called chronic myeloid leukaemia |
CMML | chronic myelomonocytic leukemia |
CMO | comfort measures only (palliative care or hospice) |
CMP | complete metabolic profile (a blood panel) cytosine monophosphate |
CMS | Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services chronic mountain sickness |
CMT | cervical motion tenderness |
CMV | cytomegalovirus |
CN | cranial nerves |
CNS | central nervous system Clinical nurse specialist Crigler-Najjar syndrome |
CNVM | Choroidal Neovascular Membranes |
C/O or c/o | complains of... |
CO | cardiac output carbon monoxide complains of... |
COAD | chronic obstructive airways disease |
COCP | combined oral contraceptive pill |
COH | controlled ovarian hyperstimulation |
COLD | chronic obstructive lung disease |
Comp | compound |
Conj | conjunctiva |
CoNS | coagulase-negative staphylcocci |
COP | cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis |
COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
COX-1 | cyclooxygenase 1 |
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase 2 |
COX-3 | cyclooxygenase 3 |
CP | cerebral palsy chest pain constrictive pericarditis |
CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure |
CPC | clinical–pathological conference |
CPCR | cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation, a version of CPR |
CPD | cephalopelvic disproportion |
CPE | Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin cardiogenic pulmonary edema Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae |
CPG | clinical practice guideline |
CPK | creatine phosphokinase |
CPKMB | creatine phosphokinase heart |
CPP | cerebral perfusion pressure |
CPPD | calcium pyrophosphate cyclic perimenstrual pain and discomfort[1] (premenstrual syndrome) |
CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
CPT | Current Procedural Terminology |
CR | complete remission (complete response) controlled release |
Cr | creatinine |
CRC | colorectal cancer |
CrCl | creatinine clearance (Note: Looks similar to, but does not mean, the chromium chlorides—CrCl2, CrCl3, CrCl4) |
CRD | chronic renal disease circadian rhythm disorder |
CRE | carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae |
Creat | creatinine |
CREST | calcinosis, Raynaud esophagus, sclerosis, teleangiectasiae |
CRF | chronic renal failure corticotropin-releasing factor |
CrGN | crescentic glomerulonephritis |
CRH | corticotropin-releasing hormone |
CRI | chronic renal insufficiency |
Crike | Cricothyrotomy |
CRISPR | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats |
Crit | hematocrit |
CRL | crown-rump length |
CRNA | certified registered nurse anesthetist |
CRO | contract research organization |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CRPC | castration-resistant prostate cancer |
CRPS | complex regional pain syndrome |
CRRT | continuous renal replacement therapy |
CRS | congenital rubella syndrome |
CRSD | circadian rhythm sleep disorder |
CRT | cardiac resynchronization therapy (artificial pacemaker) chemoradiotherapy conformal radiotherapy (irradiated zone conforms to boundaries) cathode ray tube capillary refill time central retinal thickness Certified Respiratory Therapist |
CRTx | chemoradiotherapy |
CS | caesarean section compartment syndrome culture sensitivity Churg-Strauss syndrome |
C/S | Caesarean section |
C&S | culture and sensitivity (antibiogram) |
CsA | cyclosporin A |
CSA | Controlled Substances Act |
C-section | cesarean section |
CSF | cerebrospinal fluid colony-stimulating factor |
CSME | clinically significant macular edema |
CSOM | chronic suppurative otitis media |
CSPC | community specialist palliative care |
C-spine | cervical spine |
CSR | cumulative survival rate |
C-SSRS | Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale |
CSU | catheter specimen of urine |
CST | contraction stress test |
CT | computed tomography cervicothoracic |
CTA | clear to auscultation computed tomography angiography |
CTAB | clear to auscultation bilaterally; also written CTA B |
CTAP | CT during arterial portography |
CTCAE | Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events |
CT c/a/p | CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis |
CTD | connective tissue disease |
CTE | chronic traumatic encephalopathy coefficient of thermal expansion |
CTEPH | Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension |
CTO | chronic total occlusion Community Treatment Order (psychiatric term for forced drugging outside hospital context) |
CTP | cytosine triphosphate cytidine triphosphate Child-Turcotte-Pugh score clear to percussion |
CTPA | computed tomographic pulmonary angiography |
CTPE | CT scan for pulmonary embolii |
CTR | carpal tunnel release |
CTS | computed tomography scan Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
CTU | cancer treatment unit |
CTx | chemotherapy |
CTX | ceftriaxone (a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic) contractions chemotherapy |
CTZ | Chemoreceptor trigger zone |
CUC | chronic ulcerative colitis |
CV | cardiovascular |
CVA | cerebrovascular accident costovertebral angle |
CVAD | central venous access device |
CVAT | costovertebral angle tenderness |
CVC | central venous catheter chronic venous congestion |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
CVI | cerebrovascular incident |
CVL | central venous line |
CVP | central venous pressure |
CVS | chorionic villus sampling cardiovascular system Cerebrovascular stroke |
CVID | common variable immunodeficiency |
CVVH | continuous veno-venous hemofiltration, a short-term alternative to Hemodialysis |
c/w | consistent with |
CWP | coal worker's pneumoconiosis |
Cx | microbiological culture |
Cx | complication |
Cx | cervix |
CXR | chest x-ray (chest radiograph) |
References[edit]
- ^Maternity and Women's Health Care, Loudermilk-Perry-Cashion-Allen, 2012, page 121
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